Adopting dSTE to estimate causal interactions between F θ and PO α2 , we found a significant trend: F θ drives PO α2 ( Figure 6 ).
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Causal Interactions between Frontal(θ) - Parieto-Occipital(α2) Predict Performance on a Mental Arithmetic Task.
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Importantly, time-lag estimation with both dSTE and cross-correlation of amplitude envelopes revealed an interesting trend in wrong trials compared to correct: right PO (rPO α2 ) brain region (i.e., channels P6, P8, PO8, PO4, and O2) showed zero time-lag with bilateral F brain regions (bF θ ) across the five CWLs ( Figure 7 ).
In terms of accuracy, we demonstrated a decreasing trend across the increment of difficulty, but it was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (for p < 0.001, Bonferroni corrected, p′ < p/4) (see Supplementary Material Section 8 ).