an increasing trendp = 0.048
A joinpoint analysis revealed an increasing trend of 0.34 ( p = 0.048) from 1981-89 and a stable trend from 1990 to 2014 ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\widehat{\beta}}_I $$\end{document} β ^ I =0.02, p = 0.531).