53 Summary data from a meta-analysis of four studies show the risk of giving birth to offspring with congenital abnormalities was increased for mothers with UC (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.47–3.82), while for mothers with CD the risk increase did not reach statistical significance (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 0.97–4.74; P =0.06). 50 In conclusion, while the data remain difficult to interpret, there seems to be a small increase in congenital malformations in infants born to mothers with UC.
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