Global-scale river flood vulnerability in the last 50 years.

At the regional scale, a negative trend in mortality rate is seen in East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Middle East and North Africa.

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On the other hand, global loss rates showed a decreasing trend in both J15 and our study for the period 1990–2010.

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The annual total number of reported fatalities and the value of reported economic losses from flooding in the EM-DAT show an increasing trend between 1960 and 2013 (1.5% per year for the annual total number of reported fatalities and 6.3% per year for the value of reported economic losses; bars in Fig. 1b,c ).

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The loss rate in countries with lower-middle income shows a negative trend, while that in countries with upper-middle income shows a positive trend.

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