PD-L1⁺MDSCs are increased in HCC patients and induced by soluble factor in the tumor microenvironment.

LILs contained mildly increased PD-L1 + MDSCs, but the percentages of PD-L1 + MDSCs in LILs did not reach statistical significance (PBMCs vs LILs; p = 0.50, LILs vs TILs; p = 0.17) ( Fig. 1e ).

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