Inbreeding depression by environment interactions in a free-living mammal population.

The single appreciable change because of fitting density as a fixed effect was that adult female annual breeding success, which showed a trend for inbreeding depression in our previous modelling ( P =0.067), was significant in the model including density ( P =0.025), meaning that all six fitness components (three components in each sex) show some evidence for inbreeding depression ( Table 3 ).

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Results Main effects of population density and inbreeding (model 1) Rising population density depressed all the traits studied and was highly significant in eight of the nine traits, the exception being female adult breeding success, for which P =0.098 ( Table 3 ).

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Six traits showed some evidence of ID × E in the expected direction ( Figure 3 ), but overall the effects were weak and barely significant.

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