Effect of Tobacco Smoking on The Clinical, Histopathological, and Serological Manifestations of Sjögren's Syndrome.

Smoking has been associated with contradictory effects on salivary flow rate; in healthy patients, the short-term effect is increased saliva production that eventually leads to decreased salivary flow rate.[ 43 ] Neither our study nor earlier studies in SS patients have found significant effects of tobacco on whole unstimulated salivary flow.[ 31 ] The most significant negative association of smoking was with a focus score ≥1 and with focal lymphocytic sialadenitis on the MSG biopsy; the mean focus score of smokers was also lower but did not reach statistical significance.

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