Respiratory outcomes of ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) as a surrogate measure of near-roadway exposures among bicyclists.

Also, we observed a negative trend of downwind direction in comparison with non-downwind for lung function changes, however, it was not statistically significant ( β = −0.065 for FVC, and β = −0.016 for FEV 1 ).

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Although further research will be necessary to evaluate the impacts of chronic traffic-related UFPM exposure on cyclists, it is reasonable to assume that adverse impacts from the cumulative effects of repeated short-term exposures to traffic pollution may be significant in those that cycle frequently for longer periods of time.

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