Rapid emergence of climate change in environmental drivers of marine ecosystems.

Then, an inflection point is located by calculating the cumulative sum of the gradient in Y t (δ Y /δ t ) and identifying the year when it exceeds zero (for a positive trend) or drops below zero (for a negative trend) for the remainder of the time series—we refer to this as the start of the climate change signal (see Supplementary Fig. 1 ).

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