Registry-Based Pragmatic Trials in Heart Failure: Current Experience and Future Directions.

However, although this closely matches the nominal hazard ratios for the primary outcomes in CHARM-Preserved (0.89; 0.77–1.03; p = 0.118) [ 20 ], PEP-CHF (0.92; 0.70–1.21; p = 0.545) [ 21 ], and TOPCAT (0.89; 0.77–1.04; p = 0.14) [ 23 ], these trials did not reach statistical significance, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition is not recommended specifically for HFpEF [ 5 , 6 ].

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