There is a clear trend that V 1 -ATPases generate a lower torque than F 1 -ATPases: the V 1 from Thermus thermophilus generates 30–35 pNnm and the Na + -transporting V-ATPase generates 23 pNnm of torque, respectively (Hayashi et al. 2010 ; Imamura et al. 2005 ; Ueno et al. 2014 ).
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