Perceived differences in social status between speaker and listener affect the speaker's vocal characteristics.

a difference score ( Fig 6 ), was negative and significant for questions 2 (Personal; Fig 6B ) and 3 (Interpersonal; Fig 6C ), and only marginally non-significant for question 2, when correlating F 0 with PP ( Fig 6E ).

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Although the main effect of target did not reach significance, it showed a trend in which the mean F 0 of the participants progressively increased in responses to the neutral (mean ± s.e.m. = 156.17 ± 2.05 Hz), dominant (156.75 ± 2.27 Hz), and prestigious (157.10 ± 2.25 Hz) targets ( Table 2 ).

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