Although there is a trend that former smoking was associated with ECAS (adjusted for age, gender, and stroke risk factors), it did not reach statistical significance after adjusting all potential confounders (adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.92–2.18, P = 0.11).
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Current smoking is associated with extracranial carotid atherosclerotic stenosis but not with intracranial large artery disease.
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