The East Asian summer monsoon variability over the last 145 years inferred from the Shihua Cave record, North China.

However, the Wanxiang and Dayu Cave records, located at a farther inland location in the eastern part of northwestern China do not appear to show a clear trend during this time period (Figs 1 and 3 )—the reason of which deserves further investigation.

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Notably, variations in solar irradiance in the last 100 years also display an increasing trend similar to the changes in the tropical SST anomalies (Fig. 4 ).

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