Female white-collar workers remain at higher risk of breast cancer after adjustments for individual risk factors related to reproduction and lifestyle.

10–17 The Nordic Occupational Cancer study (NOCCA), which included 15 million people, showed a clear trend of higher risk of breast cancer in occupations with a higher socioeconomic position. 18 It has been speculated that the increased risk among white-collar workers could be due to reproductive factors associated with a long education such as late first-time pregnancy, low parity and use of HRT. 10 Unfortunately, many of the existing studies have not been able to fully adjust for these factors.

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