Aberrations in circulating inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with Down syndrome: a meta-analysis.

As shown in Supplementary Figure 1 , children with DS had elevated TNF-α (7 studies, Hedges’ g = 0.988, 95% CI = –0.043 to 2.02, p = 0.06), IL-1β (6 studies, Hedges’ g = 0.606, 95% CI = 0.003 to 1.209, p = 0.049) and IFN-γ (4 studies, Hedges’ g = 0.754, 95% CI = 0.162 to 1.346, p = 0.013) levels when compared with control children, although it did not reach statistical significance for TNF-α.

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However, the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, which the present meta-analysis showed highly significant association with DS, was not reported to be associated with AD and PD in the respective meta-analyses.

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