Increased glutamic acid decarboxylase expression in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression.

In addition, there were a highly significant increase of AVP-ir by 253% in the female depression patients [5.39 (4.63–6.37), n = 5] compared with female control subjects [1.53 (0.76–4.14), n = 5, P = 0.008, Fig. 5 a–e], while there was no significant difference between male controls [3.25 (2.36–3.84), n = 8] and male depression patients [2.96 (1.66–3.70), n = 8, P = 0.574, Fig. 5 a–e].

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Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that there was indeed a clear trend for an association between AVP-ir and sex ( β = 0.423, P = 0.057).

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