Phenotypic and genetic integration of personality and growth under competition in the sheepshead swordtail, Xiphophorus birchmanni.

Most strikingly, we had predicted a positive correlation between individual boldness and dominance, but in fact found a strong and highly significant negative one.

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The correlation between activity and dominance score is nominally significant based on Z score ≥ 1.96 ( r I = –0.410 (0.104)).

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We previously reported a weak trend toward later and smaller maturation at high early life density in these fish, highlighting the fact that other aspects of life history are also impacted (Boulton et al. 2016 ).

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