Convenience versus Biological Significance: Are PMA-Differentiated THP-1 Cells a Reliable Substitute for Blood-Derived Macrophages When Studying <i>in Vitro</i> Polarization?

For example, the difference between M1 and M2 THP-1 cells in terms of IL-1β mRNA levels did not reach statistical significance; however, IL-1β protein concentration in THP-1 M1 conditioned medium was much higher than that in M2 and resting media ( Figure 2 and Supplementary Figure 2 ).

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