Hierarchical statistical techniques are necessary to draw reliable conclusions from analysis of isolated cardiomyocyte studies.

For example, spark logFDHM, which has an ICC of just 8.5%, changed its result from being clearly significant with the common analysis ( P = 0.023), to being not at all significant ( P = 0.778) with the hierarchical analysis.

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The artificially small confidence interval produced by the common test makes the difference between the groups appear highly significant, but when the hierarchical data structure is taken into account, there is no significant difference.

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