Increased levels of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 in synovial fluid from anti-CCP-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients: Association with disease activity and inflammatory markers.

All cytokine/chemokine levels in SF were significantly higher in RA than in OA patients (P < 0.0001–0.003), except for IL-1β, the levels of which were higher with borderline significance (P = 0.05) ( Table 2 ).

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Indeed, we found that SF from anti-CCP-positive RA patients contained higher leucocyte numbers than those of anti-CCP-negative RA patients, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.

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