3.4 Correlations among affective and cognitive in KOA patients In KOA patients, a positive trend was found between pain intensity and HAMD scores (Spearman rank test: r = 0.441, P = .015, adjusted significant level = 0.0125; Fig. 3 A) and HAMA scores (Spearman rank test: r = 0.328, P = .077, adjusted significant level = 0.0125; Fig. 3 B), but with no statistical significance.
We found a negative trend between gray matter and duration, with no statistical significance (Spearman rank test: r = −0.144, P = .448). 3.3 Regional GMV The results from whole brain voxel-based morphometry analysis showed that GMV decreased in several cortical structures in KOA patients compared with healthy controls, including the bilateral orbital frontal cortex (OFC), the right lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), the precentral and part of postcentral cortex ( P < .05, FWE corrected; Fig. 2 ).