Low Gain Servo Control During the Kohnstamm Phenomenon Reveals Dissociation Between Low-Level Control Mechanisms for Involuntary vs. Voluntary Arm Movements.

In that study the mean stretch response (increase in EMG 60–160 ms post-obstruction) during Kohnstamm movements was 58.22% of the mean stretch response observed during voluntary movements, although this difference did not reach statistical significance.

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We further evaluated the presence of an overall trend in the data by testing mean EMG (% of No perturbation control condition) slope for each perturbation condition, in each movement type, against zero.

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