Antimicrobial resistance trends in fecal Salmonella isolates from northern California dairy cattle admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital, 2002-2016.

Results Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles Cochran-Armitage trend test revealed a significant trend for reduction in the annual prevalence of antimicrobial resistance for Salmonella obtained from 2002–2016 for amoxicillin ( P value 0.001), ampicillin ( P value <0.001), cefoxitin ( P value 0.001), ceftiofur ( P value 0.001), ceftriaxone ( P value 0.001), chloramphenicol ( P value 0.001), gentamicin ( P value <0.001), streptomycin ( P value <0.001), tetracycline ( P value <0.001), and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole ( P value 0.002)(Figs 1 to 4 ).

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The only antimicrobial with an increasing trend in the annual prevalence of antimicrobial resistance for Salmonella from 2002–2016 was the quinolone drug nalidixic acid ( P value 0.004).

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While a decreasing trend in resistance patterns for most antimicrobial classes was observed, there is still a problem with antimicrobial resistance for cephalosporins and quinolone drugs as evidenced by lack of significant difference in odds for resistance to cephalosporins between the 2002–2009 and 2010–2016 periods and identification of isolates resistance to quinolones in 2013 and 2015.

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