highly significantp = 4.3 × 10 −18
The mean Shannon diversity index, which measures species evenness, was highly significant across the four douc populations (wild: 7.86 ± 0.34; semi-wild: 7.07 ± 0.55; semi-captive: 7.11 ± 0.53; captive: 6.65 ± 0.53; ANOVA, p = 4.3 × 10 −18 ).