The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Musculoskeletal Health: A Systematic Review.

J Environ Public Health · 2018 · PMC6077562 · PMID 30112011

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

The interaction between smoking and other compounds found smoking with calcium intake did not reach statistical significance for BMD [ 19 ]; however, elderly women with the lowest tertile of choline who were exposed to nicotine had the highest risk for low BMD (OR=4.56, 95%CI: 1.87-11.11) [ 49 ].

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