Saudi guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: technical review and practice guidelines.

Ann Saudi Med · 2012 · PMC6086640 · PMID 22366832

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a clear trendno p-value reported

41 In a recent met-analysis of 3 cohort and 17 case-control studies there was a clear trend towards increased risk of HCC in heavy drinkers. 42 Infection with HCV or HBV in drinkers clearly increased this risk, suggesting a synergetic effect. 43 , 44 Data seem to indicate that alcohol does not have a direct carcinogenic effect, but rather causes HCC through the triggering of cirrhosis.

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