a strong trendp = 0.062
When examining the time in the center of the open field (as a measure of anxiety), there was a strong trend in overall difference between groups (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA: p = 0.062; saline: mean duration, 164.3 ± 2.8 s; dKA: mean duration, 151.9 ± 2.9 s; vKA: mean duration, 114 ± 4.4 s) and individual comparisons exposed a significant difference between the vKA and saline groups (Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.024) but not between the dKA and saline groups (Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.58; Fig. 4 c ).