Detecting past and ongoing natural selection among ethnically Tibetan women at high altitude in Nepal.

Similar to the pairwise population test results, the outlier test was highly significant when the EPAS1 SNP was included ( p ≤ 0.0008; Fig 3 , S4 Fig and S8 Table ).

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Intriguingly, the Sherpa, who are closely related to other Tibetan populations and also have unelevated Hb levels [ 41 , 67 , 71 ], show a nominally significant trend towards lower frequencies of the Hb-increasing alleles in one of the two polygenic adaptation tests ( p = 0.019 without multiple test correction).

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Results using 52 SNPs ascertained from our Tibetan GWAS also show a marginally significant deviation in the same direction ( p pairwise = 0.0620).

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