Evolutionary and developmental dynamics of sex-biased gene expression in common frogs with proto-Y chromosomes.

Genome Biol · 2018 · PMC6173898 · PMID 30290841

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0000

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0900

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 2.2e−16actually significant

Among these were 20.0% of the genes upregulated in XY° males (993 out of 4973) versus 40.8% of the genes upregulated in XX females (3856 out of 9472) in at least one developmental stage (FDR < 0.05), a highly significant difference ( χ 2 = 330.0, p < 2.2e−16).

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marginally significantp = 0.09so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The difference was marginally significant between unbiased and XX-biased genes ( W = 2,692,000; p = 0.09).

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showed a trendno p-value reported

The few sex-biased genes at the pre-metamorph stages showed a trend towards XY°-biased expression (8 out of 9 at G27, 15 out of 25 at G31), which differs from the rainbow trout data, where equal numbers of male- and female-biased genes were reported during early embryonic stages [ 45 ].

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