Inhibitory Antibodies against Activin A and TGF-β Reduce Self-Supported, but Not Soluble Factors-Induced Growth of Human Pulmonary Arterial Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Interestingly, BMP-dependent Smad1/5 showed a strong trend to increased activity as evident by a marked elevation of Ser 463/465 Smad1/5 phosphorylation in PAVSMC from 3 out of 4 analyzed PAH subjects compared to controls, as seen in Figure 2 A,D.

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