Chronic exposure to imidacloprid or thiamethoxam neonicotinoid causes oxidative damages and alters carotenoid-retinoid levels in caged honey bees (Apis mellifera).

The non-parametric Jonckheere-Terpstra (JT) test, based on the medians ordered in a particular direction, was performed to detect a possible trend related to a concentration-response relationship.

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Yet, recent studies investigating the retinoid metabolism following agrochemicals exposure also reported an absence of a clear trend with RALD isomers (- cis and – trans ) contents in honey bees 45 , 46 .

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