Canopy mortality has doubled in Europe's temperate forests over the last three decades.

Based on theoretical considerations on the relationship of canopy, volume, and individual tree mortality (see Supplementary Note 1 ), in conjunction with increasing growing stock 39 and harvesting intensity 43 across Europe, we expected a high correlation between canopy mortality and wood extraction but a negative trend in individual tree mortality.

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We finally summarized all posterior distributions with regard to their median and 95% credible interval (2.5% and 97.5% quantile of the posterior) and calculated the probability of a positive trend ( P ( α > 0)).

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