did not reach statistical significancep -value = 0.07845
Among the toy subset of breeds, this effect was higher (χ 2 = 6.798, df = 1, p -value = 0.009126) than among the giant breed subset, for whom the advantage to male dogs did not reach statistical significance versus χ 2 = 3.0967, df = 1, p -value = 0.07845).