approaching significancep = 0.08
Multi-level sub-group meta-analyses revealed that depression was significantly associated with decline in cognitive state in studies with shorter follow-up periods (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03–2.00, p = 0.03) and was approaching significance in studies with longer follow-up periods (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.98–1.36, p = 0.08).