Estimating selection on the act of inbreeding in a population with strong inbreeding depression.

The associations between F GRM and LBS and LRS were both negative, indicative of inbreeding depression in female fecundity and rearing success, as demonstrated elsewhere (Huisman et al ., 2016 ), but did not reach statistical significance in this data set.

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Thus, females who were more likely to mate with a relative produced fewer calves that survived to independence, partly due to a nonsignificant trend for them to give birth to fewer calves, but largely due to lower offspring survival.

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