Genome-Wide Regulatory Adaptation Shapes Population-Level Genomic Landscapes in Heliconius.

In most cases, the increased presence of late-pupal VREs in outlier bins was highly significant ( P < 0.01, Fisher’s exact test).

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VREs were on average 175–215% more likely to appear in genomic regions with negative Tajima’s D values than expected, with H3K4me3 VREs showing a significantly greater frequency than TAS VREs ( P < 0.01, Student’s t -test) and a borderline significant increase over variable H3K27ac marks ( P = 0.063, Student’s t -test, supplementary fig.

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Clustered VREs were surprisingly common, and showed a significant trend toward increased clustering as phylogenetic distance decreased ( fig. 4 E – G ), suggesting that geographic proximity and shared recent ancestry have driven adaptation at the same loci between closely related species pairs.

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