Sex-specific moderation by lifestyle and psychosocial factors on the genetic contributions to adiposity in 112,151 individuals from UK Biobank.

This moderation effect was observed in women (£52–100 k per year: β = 0.086, 95%CI [0.073 to 0.100]; <£18 k: β = 0.111, 95%CI [0.098 to 0.123], p = 0.002) and not men (β = 0.054, 95%CI [0.044 to 0.064] vs β = 0.059, 95%CI [0.047 to 0.070], p = 0.006), although the sex difference failed to reach statistical significance in a three-way interaction term corrected for multiple testing (p = 0.001).

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Although in such cases education may be acting as a proxy for differences in early socioeconomic differences, a recent study of UK Biobank reported highly significant genetic correlations between educational attainment and BMI 49 , which could suggest that our results for education are independent, and, biologically plausible.

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