Haem iron intake and risk of lung cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.

For total iron there was a borderline significant interaction detected ( P 0.05, Table 4 ); among former smokers, an inverse association with lung cancer risk was detected (HR per 1 SD 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 – 0.97).

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Prior to adjusting for time since quitting and number of cigarettes per day, the risk of lung cancer was significantly lower in all quintiles of non-haem relative to the lowest group, with a significant trend across quintiles and an inverse association when analysed as a continuous variable (HR per 1.2 g/1000 kcal 0.92, 95% CI 0.88 – 0.96) ( Table 2 ).

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