Functional connectivity changes associated with fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD.

Direct group comparisons of the correlations showed that the difference in correlations between the change in functional connectivity between Brodmann area 45 and anterior cingulate/caudate and the change in CPRS-R inattention scores was highly significant as it was negative in the rIFC-Neurofeedback group (associated with symptom improvement) and positive in the lPHG-Neurofeedback control group (associated with symptom deterioration) (z = −3, p < 0.001).

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The clusters in lingual gyrus (F (df = 1,29) = 3, p < 0.08) and in bilateral thalamus/ventral basal ganglia (F (df = 1,29) = 3, p < 0.09) only showed a trend-level difference of being decreased in the rIFC-Neurofeedback group relative to controls, while the cluster in left parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus was not significantly different between groups (F (df = 1,29) = 3, p < 0.113). 3.2.2.2 Brodmann area 44 as seed region For the ANOVA of positive functional connectivity changes between the last relative to the first fMRI-Neurofeedback run in Brodmann area 44, less than one false positive cluster was observed with voxel-wise p < 0.05 and cluster p < 0.05.

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