DIY productive failure: boosting performance in a large undergraduate biology course.

A similar analysis was conducted for the final exam, but condition effects were much smaller and failed to reach statistical significance, with the difference in topic grades (on the final exam, controlled for non-topic scores on the final) being b = 0.78, 95% CI [−2.80, 4.36], t (567) = 0.43, p = 0.668.

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The effect of condition was marginally significant for lower-performing students, where PF outperformed AL by almost seven points.

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