Additional analyses showed a trend toward higher titers in participants with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) or more severe grades, and the autoantibody titer in patients with severe NPDR was higher than in diabetic patients without DR (Fig. 4d , Supplemenatary Table S4 ).
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Anti-Hexokinase 1 Antibody as a Novel Serum Biomarker of a Subgroup of Diabetic Macular Edema.
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