91 In the prospective Penn State Cohort involving 815 nonobese adults with a follow-up duration of 7.5 years, a moderate to severe complaint of any DIS, DMS, EMA, or NRS was associated with an increased incidence of obesity (OR, 1.76–1.78), while insomnia tended towards significance after adjusted for sleep duration, emotional stress, and other potential confounders. 70 Another prospective study conducted in Norwegian population (n=24,715) reported that insomnia was associated with an 18% increased risk (95% CI, 1.06–1.33) of incident obesity after 11 years of follow up, which was independent of baseline demographics, anxiety and depression.
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