Fragility Index, power, strength and robustness of findings in sports medicine and arthroscopic surgery: a secondary analysis of data from a study on use of the Fragility Index in sports surgery.

Moreover, even when a single well-conducted study yields highly significant and/or robust findings, a replication study will still be needed.

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This, most importantly, is due to the fact that if, against the odds, an underpowered study produces a nominally significant finding, it will overestimate the results meaning that the reported effect size is exaggerated compared to the population value ( Colquhoun, 2014 ; Ioannidis, 2008 ).

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