Associations of smoking indicators and cotinine levels with telomere length: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

On average, participants with cotinine levels ≥3 ng/ml had telomeres that were shorter by approximately 92 bp (β: −92.40, 95% CI: −150.99 to −33.81, p -value <0.01) compared to those with cotinine levels <0.05 ng/ml category, with a significant trend across the exposure categories, suggesting a dose-response phenomenon (for the trend across cotinine categories, p -value = 0.007).

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