As it shows, the gap between the state of the art in software- and hardware-based masking is quite significant, and in some cases it is as wide as two times the amount of random bits required for software (for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$d = 0 \mod 4$$\end{document} d = 0 mod 4 ).
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