Hemodynamic goal-directed therapy and postoperative kidney injury: an updated meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.

The subset analysis including studies using CO or DO 2 as hemodynamic target showed a significant reduction in AKI (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.89, p = 0.001), while OR of studies that used preload indices or indirect indices as lactate did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 3 ).

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