One retrospective cohort study ( n = 55 patients) observed trending improvements in overall and progression-free survival in study participants with metastatic malignant melanoma who receive the metformin in combination with ICB (ipilimumab [anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 or CTLA-4], nivolumab [anti-PD-1], and/or pembrolizumab); however, these changes failed to reach statistical significance compared to ICB alone ( 69 ).
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Targeting Glucose Metabolism to Enhance Immunotherapy: Emerging Evidence on Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction Mimetics.
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