Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for autism risk genes.

Although these genes did not reach statistical significance in our TADA meta-analysis, their role in ASD is supported by multiple mutations in the literature, and they likely represent other candidate ASD risk genes (Supplementary Data 8 ).

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Consistent with previous findings supporting the female protective model, 13 we observed a nonsignificant trend toward a higher frequency of dnLGD variants in constrained genes in female cases compared with males (0.135/female vs 0.096/male), as well as higher frequency of de novo D-mis variants in female cases (CADD ≥25: 0.416/female vs 0.354/male, MPC ≥2: 0.09/female vs 0.066/male).

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