At the macroscale (circumferential and longitudinal) moduli from 100 kPa to several MPa have been measured with a strong trend from low stiffness in childhood to high values in old age and diseases, including atherosclerosis or in patients with aneurisms (Khanafer et al. 2011 ).
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Costameres, dense plaques and podosomes: the cell matrix adhesions in cardiovascular mechanosensing.
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